MVC (Model-View-Controller) architecture inatenga application:

Controller – handles requests, logic, and interacts with models

View – handles presentation (HTML, CSS)

Goal: Keep business logic separate from presentation.

⚙️ 2. Project Folder Structure
project_root/
│
├── app/
│ ├── controllers/
│ │ └── UserController.php
│ ├── views/
│ │ └── user_view.php
│ └── models/
│ └── User.php
│
├── core/
│ └── Controller.php
├── public/
│ └── index.php
└── config/
└── config.php

🧩 3. Base Controller (core/Controller.php)
<?php
class Controller {
public function model($model){
require_once '../app/models/' . $model . '.php';
return new $model();
}

public function view($view, $data = []){
require_once '../app/views/' . $view . '.php';
}
}


model() – loads model class

view() – loads view file and passes data

🧩 4. Example Controller (app/controllers/UserController.php)
<?php
class UserController extends Controller {
public function index(){
$userModel = $this->model('User');
$users = $userModel->getAllUsers();
$this->view('user_view', ['users' => $users]);
}

public function show($id){
$userModel = $this->model('User');
$user = $userModel->getUserById($id);
$this->view('user_view', ['users' => [$user]]);
}
}


index() – shows all users

show($id) – shows single user by ID

🧩 5. Example Model (app/models/User.php)
<?php
class User {
private $pdo;

public function __construct(){
$this->pdo = new PDO("mysql:host=localhost;dbname=mvc_db;charset=utf8mb4","root","");
$this->pdo->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION);
}

public function getAllUsers(){
$stmt = $this->pdo->query("SELECT * FROM users");
return $stmt->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);
}

public function getUserById($id){
$stmt = $this->pdo->prepare("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id=:id");
$stmt->execute(['id'=>$id]);
return $stmt->fetch(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);
}
}

🧩 6. Example View (app/views/user_view.php)
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Users List</title>
</head>
<body>
<h2>Users</h2>
<ul>
<?php foreach($data['users'] as $user): ?>
<li><?php echo htmlspecialchars($user['username']); ?> - <?php echo htmlspecialchars($user['email']); ?></li>
<?php endforeach; ?>
</ul>
</body>
</html>


Use htmlspecialchars() to prevent XSS

$data array is passed from controller

🔑 7. Best Practices

Separate logic from presentation – controllers handle logic, views handle HTML

Sanitize output – prevent XSS attacks

Reuse views – partials or templates for headers, footers

Follow MVC structure – makes app maintainable and scalable

Pass only necessary data to views

✅ 8. Hitimisho

Controllers and views ni misingi ya MVC architecture

Separation of concerns inafanya code clean, maintainable, and scalable

Combine with models, autoloading, and routing for fully functional PHP applications

🔗 Tembelea:

👉 https://www.faulink.com/

Kwa mafunzo zaidi ya PHP, MVC structure, na best practices za controllers na views.