September 2, 2026 10 min read Database

MySQL Database Full Course – Somo la 11: AND, OR na NOT – Jinsi ya Kutumia Conditions Nyingi Katika MySQL

Karibu kwenye Somo la 11 la MySQL Database Full Course kwa Kiswahili.

Katika somo lililopita tulijifunza kutumia:

WHERE

kwa kuchagua records maalumu.

Tuliona mifano kama:

SELECT *
FROM students
WHERE gender = 'Female';

na:

SELECT *
FROM marks
WHERE score >= 50;

Lakini mara nyingi condition moja haitoshi.

Kwa mfano tunaweza kutaka:

Female students wenye age 16 au zaidi
Male students wenye age chini ya 18
Marks za Mathematics zilizo juu ya 50
Products za Electronics zenye price chini ya 100000
Employees wa IT wenye salary zaidi ya 500000

Hapo tunahitaji kutumia:

AND

OR

na:

NOT

Malengo ya Somo

Baada ya kumaliza somo hili utaweza:

Kuelewa AND ni nini
Kuelewa OR ni nini
Kuelewa NOT ni nini
Kutumia conditions zaidi ya moja
Kuchanganya WHERE na AND
Kuchanganya WHERE na OR
Kutumia NOT
Kuelewa tofauti ya AND na OR
Kutumia parentheses kwenye conditions
Kuchuja data kwa usahihi zaidi
Kutengeneza queries za mifumo halisi

1. AND ni Nini?

AND inatumika pale ambapo conditions zote lazima ziwe true.

Mfano:

SELECT *
FROM students
WHERE gender = 'Female'
AND age >= 16;

Hii ina maana:

Onyesha students ambao ni Female NA age yao ni 16 au zaidi.

Conditions zote mbili lazima zitimie.

2. Tutumie Table ya Students

Fikiria tuna table:

CREATE TABLE students (
    student_id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
    student_name VARCHAR(100),
    gender VARCHAR(10),
    age INT,
    class_name VARCHAR(50)
);

Ingiza data:

INSERT INTO students (
    student_name,
    gender,
    age,
    class_name
)
VALUES
('Asha Mussa', 'Female', 16, 'Form One'),
('John Peter', 'Male', 17, 'Form Two'),
('Neema Joseph', 'Female', 15, 'Form One'),
('Peter Michael', 'Male', 18, 'Form Three'),
('Anna Charles', 'Female', 17, 'Form Two'),
('Joseph Mussa', 'Male', 16, 'Form One');

3. Kutumia AND

Tukitaka female students wenye age 16 au zaidi:

SELECT *
FROM students
WHERE gender = 'Female'
AND age >= 16;

Matokeo yanaweza kuwa:

Asha Mussa      Female      16
Anna Charles    Female      17

Neema hatatokea kwa sababu age yake ni 15.

4. AND na Conditions Tatu

Unaweza kutumia conditions zaidi ya mbili.

Mfano:

SELECT *
FROM students
WHERE gender = 'Female'
AND age >= 16
AND class_name = 'Form Two';

Hapa student lazima:

Awe Female
Awe na age 16 au zaidi
Awe Form Two

5. AND na Numbers

Mfano:

SELECT *
FROM students
WHERE age >= 16
AND age <= 17;

Hii itaonyesha students wenye age kati ya 16 na 17.

6. AND na Table ya Marks

Tutengeneze:

CREATE TABLE marks (
    mark_id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
    student_name VARCHAR(100),
    subject VARCHAR(100),
    score DECIMAL(5,2)
);

Ingiza data:

INSERT INTO marks (
    student_name,
    subject,
    score
)
VALUES
('Asha Mussa', 'Mathematics', 85),
('John Peter', 'Mathematics', 42),
('Neema Joseph', 'English', 91),
('Peter Michael', 'Mathematics', 55),
('Anna Charles', 'English', 38),
('Joseph Mussa', 'Mathematics', 72);

7. Mathematics Marks Zaidi ya 50

SELECT *
FROM marks
WHERE subject = 'Mathematics'
AND score > 50;

Hii inaweza kuonyesha:

Asha Mussa       Mathematics      85
Peter Michael    Mathematics      55
Joseph Mussa     Mathematics      72

8. OR ni Nini?

OR inatumika pale ambapo condition moja au nyingine inaweza kuwa true.

Mfano:

SELECT *
FROM students
WHERE gender = 'Female'
OR age = 18;

Hii ina maana:

Onyesha student ambaye ni Female AU ana age 18.

Record inahitaji kutimiza condition moja tu.

9. Mfano wa OR

Tuna:

Asha      Female   16
John      Male     17
Neema     Female   15
Peter     Male     18
Anna      Female   17

Query:

SELECT *
FROM students
WHERE gender = 'Female'
OR age = 18;

Matokeo yanaweza kuwa:

Asha
Neema
Peter
Anna

Peter anaonekana kwa sababu age yake ni 18 hata kama ni Male.

10. Tofauti ya AND na OR

AND:

Conditions zote lazima ziwe true.

Mfano:

WHERE gender = 'Female'
AND age = 17

Student lazima awe Female na age 17.

OR:

Condition moja inatosha kuwa true.

Mfano:

WHERE gender = 'Female'
OR age = 17

Student anaweza:

Kuwa Female
Au kuwa na age 17
Au kutimiza zote mbili

11. OR na Classes

Mfano:

SELECT *
FROM students
WHERE class_name = 'Form One'
OR class_name = 'Form Two';

Hii itaonyesha students waliopo Form One au Form Two.

12. OR na Marks

Tunaweza kuandika:

SELECT *
FROM marks
WHERE score >= 80
OR score < 40;

Hii itaonyesha:

Wenye marks 80 au zaidi
Au wenye marks chini ya 40

13. NOT ni Nini?

NOT inatumika kubadilisha condition kuwa kinyume chake.

Mfano:

SELECT *
FROM students
WHERE NOT gender = 'Male';

Hii ina maana:

Onyesha students ambao si Male.

Kwa data yenye Male na Female, inaweza kuonyesha Female students.

14. NOT na Class

Mfano:

SELECT *
FROM students
WHERE NOT class_name = 'Form One';

Hii itaonyesha students ambao hawapo Form One.

15. NOT na Condition ya Number

Mfano:

SELECT *
FROM students
WHERE NOT age = 17;

Hii itaonyesha students wote ambao age yao si 17.

Unaweza pia kuandika:

SELECT *
FROM students
WHERE age != 17;

16. NOT na Marks

Mfano:

SELECT *
FROM marks
WHERE NOT subject = 'Mathematics';

Hii itaonyesha marks za subjects nyingine.

17. Kuchanganya AND na OR

Hapa ndipo tunahitaji kuwa makini.

Mfano:

SELECT *
FROM students
WHERE gender = 'Female'
AND age = 17
OR class_name = 'Form One';

Query kama hii inaweza kutoa result tofauti na uliyotarajia kwa sababu ya precedence ya operators.

Ndiyo maana tunatumia:

parentheses

yaani:

()

18. Umuhimu wa Parentheses

Mfano:

SELECT *
FROM students
WHERE gender = 'Female'
AND (
    age = 17
    OR class_name = 'Form One'
);

Hii ina maana:

Student lazima awe:

Female

na pia awe:

age = 17

AU:

class_name = Form One

19. Mfano Mwingine wa Parentheses

SELECT *
FROM students
WHERE (
    gender = 'Female'
    OR age = 18
)
AND class_name = 'Form Two';

Kwanza MySQL itaangalia:

Female OR age 18

halafu:

AND Form Two

20. Kwa Nini Parentheses ni Muhimu?

Bila parentheses query inaweza kuwa ngumu kuelewa.

Mfano:

WHERE gender = 'Female'
OR gender = 'Male'
AND age = 17

Inaweza kutafsiriwa tofauti na ulivyokusudia.

Ni bora kuandika:

WHERE (
    gender = 'Female'
    OR gender = 'Male'
)
AND age = 17;

Hii inafanya logic iwe wazi.

21. AND na Products

Tutengeneze:

CREATE TABLE products (
    product_id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
    product_name VARCHAR(100),
    category VARCHAR(100),
    price DECIMAL(10,2),
    quantity INT
);

Data:

INSERT INTO products (
    product_name,
    category,
    price,
    quantity
)
VALUES
('Laptop', 'Electronics', 1500000, 5),
('Mouse', 'Electronics', 25000, 50),
('Keyboard', 'Electronics', 45000, 30),
('Office Chair', 'Furniture', 180000, 10),
('Desk', 'Furniture', 250000, 6);

22. Electronics Zenye Price Chini ya 100000

SELECT *
FROM products
WHERE category = 'Electronics'
AND price < 100000;

Hii inaweza kuonyesha:

Mouse
Keyboard

23. Products Zenye Stock Ndogo

SELECT *
FROM products
WHERE quantity <= 10
AND price > 100000;

Hii inaweza kutumika kwenye inventory system.

24. OR na Products

SELECT *
FROM products
WHERE category = 'Electronics'
OR category = 'Furniture';

Hii itaonyesha products za categories zote mbili.

25. NOT na Products

SELECT *
FROM products
WHERE NOT category = 'Electronics';

Hii inaweza kuonyesha Furniture.

26. AND Katika Mfumo wa Shule

Academic teacher anaweza kutaka kuona:

Female students wa Form Two:

SELECT *
FROM students
WHERE gender = 'Female'
AND class_name = 'Form Two';

27. AND Katika Mfumo wa Marks

Tafuta students wa Mathematics wenye marks 50 au zaidi:

SELECT student_name, score
FROM marks
WHERE subject = 'Mathematics'
AND score >= 50;

28. OR Katika Mfumo wa Marks

Tafuta students wenye marks chini ya 40 au 80 na zaidi:

SELECT student_name, score
FROM marks
WHERE score < 40
OR score >= 80;

29. Kuchanganya Subject na Marks

Mfano:

SELECT *
FROM marks
WHERE (
    subject = 'Mathematics'
    OR subject = 'English'
)
AND score >= 50;

Hii ina maana:

Chukua marks za Mathematics au English, lakini score iwe 50 au zaidi.

30. NOT Pamoja na AND

Mfano:

SELECT *
FROM students
WHERE NOT gender = 'Male'
AND age >= 16;

Hii inaweza kuonyesha Female students wenye age 16 au zaidi.

31. AND na Primary Key

Mfano:

SELECT *
FROM students
WHERE student_id >= 2
AND student_id <= 5;

Hii itaonyesha IDs 2 hadi 5.

32. OR na Primary Key

SELECT *
FROM students
WHERE student_id = 1
OR student_id = 5;

Hii itaonyesha records mbili maalumu.

Baadaye tutajifunza njia rahisi zaidi kwa kutumia:

IN

33. Makosa ya Kawaida – Kutumia AND Wakati Unahitaji OR

Mfano:

SELECT *
FROM students
WHERE gender = 'Male'
AND gender = 'Female';

Kwa kawaida record moja haiwezi kuwa Male na Female kwa wakati mmoja kama column ina value moja tu.

Kwa hiyo result inaweza kuwa tupu.

Ikiwa unataka zote mbili:

SELECT *
FROM students
WHERE gender = 'Male'
OR gender = 'Female';

34. Makosa ya Kawaida – Kutumia OR Vibaya

Fikiria unataka:

Female students wenye age 17.

Hii ni sahihi:

SELECT *
FROM students
WHERE gender = 'Female'
AND age = 17;

Hii si sawa:

SELECT *
FROM students
WHERE gender = 'Female'
OR age = 17;

Query ya pili itaonyesha Female wote pamoja na mtu yeyote mwenye age 17.

35. Makosa ya Kawaida – Kusahau Parentheses

Mfano:

SELECT *
FROM students
WHERE gender = 'Female'
OR gender = 'Male'
AND age = 16;

Ni bora kuwa wazi:

SELECT *
FROM students
WHERE (
    gender = 'Female'
    OR gender = 'Male'
)
AND age = 16;

36. Makosa ya Kawaida – Kusahau WHERE

Mfano mbaya:

SELECT *
FROM students
AND gender = 'Female';

Sahihi:

SELECT *
FROM students
WHERE gender = 'Female';

37. Makosa ya Kawaida – AND Kabla ya WHERE

Mfano mbaya:

SELECT *
FROM students
AND age >= 16
WHERE gender = 'Female';

Sahihi:

SELECT *
FROM students
WHERE gender = 'Female'
AND age >= 16;

38. Query Order

Kwa sasa unaweza kukumbuka:

SELECT columns
FROM table_name
WHERE condition1
AND condition2;

Au:

SELECT columns
FROM table_name
WHERE condition1
OR condition2;

39. Mfano wa Employees

Tuna table:

CREATE TABLE employees (
    employee_id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
    employee_name VARCHAR(100),
    department VARCHAR(100),
    salary DECIMAL(10,2),
    age INT
);

Ingiza:

INSERT INTO employees (
    employee_name,
    department,
    salary,
    age
)
VALUES
('John Michael', 'IT', 800000, 28),
('Anna Joseph', 'HR', 650000, 30),
('Peter Thomas', 'IT', 550000, 24),
('Neema John', 'Accounts', 900000, 32),
('Asha Peter', 'HR', 500000, 26);

40. Employees wa IT Wenye Salary Kubwa Kuliko 600000

SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE department = 'IT'
AND salary > 600000;

41. Employees wa IT au Accounts

SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE department = 'IT'
OR department = 'Accounts';

42. Employees Ambao Sio HR

SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE NOT department = 'HR';

43. Employees wa IT au Accounts Wenye Salary 600000+

SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE (
    department = 'IT'
    OR department = 'Accounts'
)
AND salary >= 600000;

Huu ni mfano mzuri wa kutumia parentheses.

44. AND Katika PHP Systems

Baadaye katika PHP unaweza kuwa na search form.

User anachagua:

Gender: Female
Class: Form Two

SQL inaweza kutumia concept:

SELECT *
FROM students
WHERE gender = 'Female'
AND class_name = 'Form Two';

Katika mfumo halisi tutatumia prepared statements kwa data inayotoka kwa user.

45. OR Katika Search Systems

Search inaweza kutafuta record kwa name au phone.

Concept inaweza kuwa:

SELECT *
FROM students
WHERE student_name = 'Asha Mussa'
OR phone_number = '0711111111';

46. Kuandika Query Inayosomeka

Badala ya:

SELECT * FROM students WHERE gender='Female' AND age>=16 AND class_name='Form Two';

unaweza kuandika:

SELECT *
FROM students
WHERE gender = 'Female'
AND age >= 16
AND class_name = 'Form Two';

Hii ni rahisi kusoma, ku-debug na ku-maintain.

47. Mazoezi ya Somo

Tumia table ya students:

student_id
student_name
gender
age
class_name

Andika query za:

Female students wenye age 16 au zaidi.
Male students wenye age chini ya 18.
Students wa Form One au Form Two.
Students ambao si Form Three.
Female students wa Form Two.
Students wenye age 15 au 18.
Students wa Form One wenye age 16.
Students ambao si Male na age yao ni 16 au zaidi.

48. Challenge ya Somo

Tumia table ya:

products

yenye:

product_id
product_name
category
price
quantity

Andika queries za:

Electronics zenye price chini ya 100000.
Furniture zenye quantity chini au sawa na 10.
Products za Electronics au Furniture.
Products ambazo si Electronics.
Electronics au Furniture zenye price zaidi ya 50000.
Products zenye quantity chini ya 10 au price zaidi ya 1000000.

Mfano:

SELECT *
FROM products
WHERE (
    category = 'Electronics'
    OR category = 'Furniture'
)
AND price > 50000;

49. Maswali ya Kujipima

Jaribu kujibu:

AND inatumika lini?
OR inatumika lini?
NOT inafanya nini?
Kuna tofauti gani kati ya AND na OR?
Kwa nini parentheses ni muhimu?
Query hii ina maana gani?

WHERE gender = 'Female'
AND age >= 16

Query hii ina maana gani?

WHERE gender = 'Female'
OR age >= 16

Unawezaje kupata Mathematics marks 50 au zaidi?
Unawezaje kupata products ambazo si Electronics?
Unawezaje kutumia conditions tatu kwa pamoja?

50. Muhtasari wa Somo

Katika somo hili tumejifunza operators muhimu:

AND
OR
NOT

AND inahitaji conditions zote ziwe true:

SELECT *
FROM students
WHERE gender = 'Female'
AND age >= 16;

OR inahitaji angalau condition moja iwe true:

SELECT *
FROM students
WHERE gender = 'Female'
OR age = 18;

NOT hubadilisha condition:

SELECT *
FROM students
WHERE NOT gender = 'Male';

Tumejifunza pia umuhimu wa kutumia parentheses:

SELECT *
FROM marks
WHERE (
    subject = 'Mathematics'
    OR subject = 'English'
)
AND score >= 50;

Hii inafanya queries zetu kuwa powerful zaidi na kutuwezesha kuchuja data kwa masharti mengi kwa wakati mmoja.

Somo Linalofuata

Katika Somo la 12 tutajifunza:

ORDER BY – Jinsi ya Kupanga Data kwa ASC na DESC Katika MySQL

Tutajifunza:

ORDER BY
ASC
DESC
Kupanga majina A–Z
Kupanga majina Z–A
Kupanga marks kubwa hadi ndogo
Kupanga marks ndogo hadi kubwa
Kupanga kwa columns zaidi ya moja
Kuchanganya WHERE na ORDER BY
Mifano ya students, marks na products
Makosa ya kawaida
Mazoezi ya ORDER BY

Hapo tutajifunza jinsi ya kuonyesha data kwa mpangilio unaotakiwa badala ya kutegemea order ambayo records zimehifadhiwa.

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MySQL Database Full Course – Somo la 11: AND, OR na NOT – Jinsi ya Kutumia Conditions Nyingi Katika MySQL

Malengo ya Somo

1. AND ni Nini?

2. Tutumie Table ya Students

3. Kutumia AND

4. AND na Conditions Tatu

5. AND na Numbers

6. AND na Table ya Marks

7. Mathematics Marks Zaidi ya 50

8. OR ni Nini?

9. Mfano wa OR

10. Tofauti ya AND na OR

11. OR na Classes

12. OR na Marks

13. NOT ni Nini?

14. NOT na Class

15. NOT na Condition ya Number

16. NOT na Marks

17. Kuchanganya AND na OR

18. Umuhimu wa Parentheses

19. Mfano Mwingine wa Parentheses

20. Kwa Nini Parentheses ni Muhimu?

21. AND na Products

22. Electronics Zenye Price Chini ya 100000

23. Products Zenye Stock Ndogo

24. OR na Products

25. NOT na Products

26. AND Katika Mfumo wa Shule

27. AND Katika Mfumo wa Marks

28. OR Katika Mfumo wa Marks

29. Kuchanganya Subject na Marks

30. NOT Pamoja na AND

31. AND na Primary Key

32. OR na Primary Key

33. Makosa ya Kawaida – Kutumia AND Wakati Unahitaji OR

34. Makosa ya Kawaida – Kutumia OR Vibaya

35. Makosa ya Kawaida – Kusahau Parentheses

36. Makosa ya Kawaida – Kusahau WHERE

37. Makosa ya Kawaida – AND Kabla ya WHERE

38. Query Order

39. Mfano wa Employees

40. Employees wa IT Wenye Salary Kubwa Kuliko 600000

41. Employees wa IT au Accounts

42. Employees Ambao Sio HR

43. Employees wa IT au Accounts Wenye Salary 600000+

44. AND Katika PHP Systems

45. OR Katika Search Systems

46. Kuandika Query Inayosomeka

47. Mazoezi ya Somo

48. Challenge ya Somo

49. Maswali ya Kujipima

50. Muhtasari wa Somo

Somo Linalofuata

ORDER BY – Jinsi ya Kupanga Data kwa ASC na DESC Katika MySQL

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